Compare main job roles and function in two organisation Essay

Bolton College Principle & Chief Executive: College is to develop a strategy which keeps the College at the forefront of educational innovation and outstanding achievement and which maintains its position within its local community as a key. The Principal will be expected to lead and develop the management team and staff, maintaining at all times. She manages all the department of the college but she have less chain of command. Principle get all feedback from two source i.e. Vice principle (curriculum) & Vice principle (Finance & Resources) Responsibilities of Principle: Provide effective leadership to the College in fulfilling its mission. Determine the College’s academic and other activities. Organise, direct and manage the College and lead the staff, providing inspiring and motivating leadership to those engaged in teaching and training. Vice Principle Vice principals aid the principal in the overall administration of the college. It is often Vice Principle duty to handle matters such as student discipline, parent conference meetings, asset inventory and ordering, school improvement planning, bus and lunch supervision, and teacher observations. Additionally, Vice principals frequently serve as testing coordinators, training staff on procedures related to standard assessment, as well as accounting for testing materials. Most importantly however, in the event that something happens to the principal, such as an extended leave of absence, the vice principal would act as the interim principal. Because of this, many see this position as a stepping-stone to the larger role of principal and is often used as such in Bolton College. Organisation structure, roles and functions (Tarmac) Managers – organise and plan their departments to exceed the expectation of internal and external customers. They work closely with other managers across the company to promote a range of benefits, including; continuous process improvements, improving accuracy, reducing the need to repeat work and driving up efficiency year on year. Supervisors – work with managers to ensure that operators apply procedures and practices consistently. This involves using best practice to create value-added services across the business. Operators – are responsible for day-to-day operations of the business. This is the level at which a university graduate might enter the organisation in order to learn all aspects of the business. The role requires accuracy, efficiency and a high level of individual responsibility. The Operations function at Tarmac is key to overall business performance. This is where a number of processes come together to make the products and services to satisfy customer needs. However, the Operations function needs the support of services in: Finance – to manage the flow of money across the business. Finance managers produce financial and management accounts not only to ensure legal compliance but also to contribute to the strategic decision-making process by forecasting financial performance. Budgets enable Operations to have the resources (raw materials, equipment and people) to carry out processes. Human Resources (HR) this includes planning and forecasting staff requirements and managing recruitment and selection. The HR team ensures that managers apply HR policies and procedures consistently across the business. The development of staff is a key priority within the Tarmac business. Without the right people, Operations may not be able to achieve targets. Additionally, Tarmac also needs the services of: Marketing by understanding customer needs, the marketing function can inform the overall business strategy and ensure that the Tarmac image and brand reflect its high quality. Procurement is the acquisition of goods and/or services at the best possible price. Within Tarmac this function secures cost effective contracts and establishes long term partners to ensure business continuity. IT services install equipment and applications, manage  databases and computer networks to provide the business with strong and effective information and communication channels. M2, Job and Personal specification for Administration. Job description: Job title: Administration Assistant Location: Wallsend Salary:  £13500.00 –  £14500.00 per year Main task: Providing full administration support to a team, including typing of letters, and contract agreements – ideally with experience of Audio typing Recording of invoices for payment Use of both Microsoft Access database and Excel spread sheets Communicating with clients via phone and taking detail information First point of contact for all visitors and callers to the business, including taking and recording accurate phone messages Filing and archiving experience Responsibility for all office machinery and supplies, including refilling photocopiers and fax machines Ordering supplies and stationary on a regular basis Scanning of documentation as requested The role of Administration Assistant is offered on a permanent basis – working full time office hours Mon- Fri Salary  £ 14,000 free parking provided Personal specification: Experience of Microsoft packages, including Word & Excel Excellent communication skills both written and verbal Ability to work as part of a team Accurate keyboard skills Ability to adapt to the challenges of a fast paced commercial business My current Skill & Knowledge: Organised Good communication skills IT skills for data entry Working knowledge of Microsoft Excel are required Maths skills BTEC Level 2 Business What I need to develop: Vocational qualifications in accounting (NVQs/SVQs) or BA in Accountancy Accountancy skills Experiences Time Management — managing one’s own time and the time of others Critical Thinking — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, Negotiation — bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences. Questioning

Deception in the Twelfth Night: William Shakespeare Essay

Deception is seen widely throughout the play Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare. Many characters are very clear about who they are and what their motives are, while some are more manipulative. Deception is shown through the clearness of Orsino’s character and the way Viola (Cesario) deceives people to play a man. Orsino is a character in the Twelfth Night that is considered much understood. He is very upfront about his actions and motives. This is portrayed in the way that Orsino loves Olivia and the way he will do anything it takes to get her to be with him. He makes it very clear that there is only one thing that he wants: to be with Olivia. As Orsino states his love in the play, â€Å"Oh, when mine eyes did see Olivia first, methought she purged the air of pestilence. That instant was I turned into a hart, and my desires, like fell and cruel hounds, e’er since pursue me† (1.1.20-24). He is very upfront about who he is; as the count, he is better than the people around him and gets what he wants. The way that Olivia thinks so highly of him as a Duke, demonstrates how he is better than the people around him: â€Å"Yet I suppose him virtuous, know him noble, of great estate, of fresh and stainless youth. In voices well divulged, free, learned, and valiant; and in dimension and the shape of nature, a gracious person† (1.5.260-64). Orsino is a noteable character who is straightforward and determined to get what he wants. Viola (Cesario), on the other hand, is completely deceptive of who she is. Although she deceptively dresses as a man, Viola does it so that she can stay alive in Illyria. The Captain is the only one who really knows what Viola is doing. As the Captain says, â€Å"Be you his eununch, and mute I’ll be. When my tongue blabs, then let mine eyes not see,† (1.3.65-66) which he also knows the reasons of doing. Throughout the entire play, Viola has to lie about who she is, but hints about her secret occasionally, like when she speaks with Orsino: â€Å"I am all the daughters of my father’s house, and all the brothers, too—and yet I know not† (2.4.132-33). Viola is a main example of a character that is deceptive by their appearance in the Twelfth Night. Deception is being deceived or mislead by false appearances or statements. There are different kinds of deception in the Twelfth Night, by appearance or by Shakespeare’s word choice. Deception by appearance is an easily seen trait throughout different characters in the play. Orsino is a great example of someone who  is the opposite of deceptive, whereas Viola is one of the most deceptive by her appearance and can be seen throughout the play the Twelfth Night.

Development of Evolution Concept

It is a matter of fact that history of evolution is very long and contradictive. The concept of evolution has existed even since ancient times and is being developing nowadays. Modern theory of evolutionary thought was established in 18th-19th centuries. Many outstanding and famous scientists contributed the evolutionary thought and interpreted it in their own way. As it was mentioned above, the concept of evolution appeared and was strongly supported in ancient time by Anaximander, Democritus, Epicurus and Empedocles.Those Greek philosophers made the first attempt to explain the concept of evolution suggesting that humans, sun, earth life and civilization emerged from â€Å"aeons without divine intervention†. (Bowler 2003, 23) The Roman philosopher Lucretius described life development in stages starting from atoms collisions and ending with succession of animals and less brutish humans. Nevertheless, evolutionary thoughts died in Europe after the Roman Empire had fallen; howe ver, the ideas were developed in Islamic countries.It is known that Al-Jahiz claimed that environment affected the animals’ survivals and it had to affect humans as well. Ibn al-Haitham argued even about the explicitly for evolutionism. (Bowler 2003) Matthew Hale in 1677 used the term â€Å"evolution† t attack the atomism of Epicurus and Democritus. He argued that their atomist theory and suggested that collisions and vibrations of atoms had formed not humans and animals, but semina that were â€Å"immediate, primitive, productive principles of men, animals, birds and fishes†. (Riddle 1954, 89) Hale called that mechanism absurdity.The concept of evolution was contributed also by German scientists including Schelling and Hegel. According to them evolution appears to be a fundamentally spiritual process involving both natural and divine interventions. They argued that evolution was â€Å"a self- disclosing revelation of the absolute†. (Riddle 1954, 89) In t he early 18th century German scientist Leibniz suggested that the objects are caused by internal forces. He supported the idea of that evolution involved divine principles. He mentioned that universe couldn’t be formed without God’s works.  (Riddle 1954)In 1745 Pierre Maupertius suggested rather interesting concept considering that all the modern species are the smallest parts produced by the blind destiny. According to him â€Å"chance† has produced innumerable individuals; however only few individuals are able to satisfy their needs, whereas others perish. Therefore he presented the idea of natural selection further contributed by Charles Darwin. One more scientist Buffon suggested the mutability of species and underlined that organisms are influenced strongly by natural processes.In 1755 Kant, German philosopher and scientist predicted the theory that unformed matter develops into the highest types of plants and animals. Kant believed that modifications and variations were the response to â€Å"mechanical laws of the organisms themselves rather than to the influence of their surroundings†. (Bowler 2003, 120) Herder, for example, agreed with the concept of natural selection stating that struggle foe survival and existence played the major role in organic world, although the theme remained undeveloped and rather vague.In the early 19th century Wells assumed that evolution of humans is the principle of natural selection. It is known that Darwin was unaware of Wells’ suggestions and later he acknowledged that Wells was the first to promote the idea of natural selection in the evolutionary thought. In 1833 Charles Lyell emphasized the gradual variation of evolution, where each specie had â€Å"centre of creation and was diagnosed for habitat, but would go extinct when the habitat changed†. (Bowler 2003, 126) The concept was supported by Herschel outlined that natural laws played the most important role in species formi ng.Nevertheless, the most important contribution into development of evolutionary though was actually made by Charles Darwin. Darwin criticized the previous ideas about natural selection assuming they failed to propone the coherent philosophy and to suggest the proper mechanism of species variations. Darwin, in his turn, stated that species had arisen from the â€Å"selective actions of external conditions upon the variations from their specific type which individuals present and which is called spontaneous†. (West 1938, 147) The Darwin’s theory proved to be successful providing the useful statistical models of evolution.In the late 19th century evolutionary though was considerably contributed by the works of Gregor Mendel. He carried out series of experiments and in result provided models for inheritance based on the unit of gene. However, Mendel’s works remained unappreciated for many years and even ignored by biologists. Mendel’s works were â€Å"disc overed† in 1990 and caused a conflict between Mendelians. (Riddle 1954) In 1970s the neutral theory of molecular evolution was presented by famous scientist Motoo Kimura who the first to establish the genetic drift and considered it a mechanism of evolution.One more interesting idea was generated by Lynn Margilus. He presented the theory of symboigenesis arguing that genetic drift and mutations are not enough to explain the concepts of evolution. In the theory Margulis stated that species emerged through the process of symbiosis. (Riddle 1954) In 1972 Stephen Gould suggested the theory of punctuated equilibrium. All the theories were followed by renewal of structuaralist themes in evolutionary ideology. For example, Brian Goodwin incorporated in his researches the ideas of systems theory along with cybernetics and thus emphasized the important role of natural selection.In 1995 Daniel Dennett argued that Darwin’s natural selection is â€Å"algorithmic process applicable to many circumstances besides biological evolution†. (Bowler 2003, 225) Such concept of evolution was called â€Å"universal Darwinism†. It is necessary to outline that the development of evolutionary thought was vivid, though contradictive. Lots of theories and concepts were developed to explain the evolution of human beings, but scientists failed to find the only satisfactory explanation. Nowadays some theories are disapproved, others are improved and followed. (Henderson 2000)

What should organisations be concerned about in corporate rebranding Dissertation

What should organisations be concerned about in corporate rebranding from a strategic point of view - Dissertation Example Business firms use rebranding typically in an attempt to remove some negative associations, improve sales, giving it a modern look, or during mergers and acquisitions, to change the way the corporation is viewed. The issue of corporate-rebranding though quite popularly used amongst corporates to change identities and is seen featured regularly in business reviews and business related news, has been largely ignored largely by the academic/scholarly world, leading to a serious lack of research articles on this topic. Aim – The chief objective of this paper is to delineate the term corporate rebranding in addition to the various underlying theories that create a framework for the process. It also highlights the various contexts that often makes this process an important one for the corporate houses, while also focuses on the pitfalls that may turn rebranding into a total failure. Approach – The paper uses a qualitative and inductive methodology through literature review an d case studies to comprehend the various principles and theories of corporate rebranding. It uses case studies to present examples of corporate rebranding that were successful and those that failed, while evaluating the reasons behind their successes or failures. The research paper however has certain limitations where we find that there is a lack of academic or scholarly articles on this topic. There is no dearth of business reviews or press releases on this topic, but academicians, in general, have kept away from this subject. Corporates present an opaque front in cases where they have attempted rebranding and have failed. As for example, eircom, which had initially succeeded in its rebranding venture but now has a poor financial output, has removed the internal memorandums that it had circulated amongst its employees during rebranding, making the case study highly dependent on data derived from other researcher’s works. Even in cases of successful rebranding, all facts rel ated to the old identity are removed after sometime, to keep up with new brand image. Significance of the study – Despite a lack of research papers that have a theory-based approach on the topic, this paper attempts to create a well-studied and comprehensive framework on corporate rebranding that analyses both the pro and cons of the issue. 1 Introduction 1.1 Background study In recent times, observations reveal that there has been an increasing emphasis on using brands as a management strategy for achieving better business outcome (Balmer and Greyser, 2003). Increasing competition at a global level has led the corporates to feel a desire for uniqueness. If variables that give a firm its most unique value while helping it to gain a competitive edge over the rivals, are examined, corporate brand or image appear as most relevant

Incarceration in the Views of Kaysen and Abbott Essay

Incarceration in the Views of Kaysen and Abbott - Essay Example Susanna Kaysen was the author of the book Girl, Interrupted, which was published in 1994. The book was about her life while she was confined within the premises of McLean Hospital. She was incarcerated in the hospital because she was diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. During her time in the hospital, Kaysen felt being deprived of the freedom she once had. She felt that she was placed in a â€Å"parallel universe that is unconnected to the outside world†. She felt helpless being a patient in McLean Hospital because they may be able to have all the time they need, but the irony is that they are also captives of time. As patients, their lives were governed by the rules of the hospital. Their self-determination was removed from them, allowing the hospital to drive their faith and protection. Also, they were checked by the hospital staff every 15 or 30 minutes, which interrupts them in whatever they are doing. Also, the experience to be alone, unlike in the outside wor ld, means being deprive of freedom and put into the seclusion room. Also, in the beginning, she compared the hospital entrance similar to a prison, and that patients were locked in their rooms like prisoners. Furthermore, the hospital staff resorted to medications in order to control and refrained them from misbehaving. However, at the end, Kaysen â€Å"accepted the fact that she is mentally ill,† and that her stay in the hospital will eventually shed light on her illness and recovery (Klemens 2-4; Kaysen). On the other hand, Jack Henry Abbott wrote In the Belly of the Beast, which was about his life in prison. During the 20 years that he was incarcerated, he described his experience as a terrifying one. Aside from his childhood experiences, he was incarcerated in Utah State Penitentiary and was sentenced to serve for 19 years in a federal prison. Throughout these years, he had experienced eating cockroach in order to survive, beaten physically and verbally, and injected with drugs to calm or control them. Moreover, he cited that there was an impartial treatment between races which was exemplified by the officers. Also, murder was inevitable inside the prison, even though there were guards inside the premises. He stated that most of the time, the guards allowed riot inside the prison for them to avoid being harassed by the prisoners. He saw the American penal system as a corrupt one which made the prisoners lived by the rules of it. Furthermore, he was also in solitary confinement, where he dwelled into the nothingness of the world that needs to â€Å"justify himself as a mortal being† (White House 32-33; NY Book Time; Abbott). However, Susanna Kaysen and Jack Abbott are two individuals who are of two different backgrounds who battled against their incarceration experiences as being described in their books. Susanna Kaysen was from a well-off family and was also well-educated. Prior to her admission to the McLean Hospital, she had a bright future ahead of her because of her education and simply because she belonged to an affluent family. However, at the age of eighteen, Kaysen decided to kill herself, and for this reason, she was sent to McLean

Use of Experts in Scholarly Research Dissertation

Use of Experts in Scholarly Research - Dissertation Example There is a need to integrate the two models to incorporate the advantages of each on order to reach harmony among the scholars regarding expert involvement in epistemology. This paper aims to propose such a model. It starts by presenting a literature review and analysis, followed by a detailed discussion of the most important approaches to the field of study and research, and ends by presenting a framework that aims to corroborate the established schools of thought about instruction and the role of experts as guides for research. Literature Review: The study and analysis of the currently available literature on the subject is important in order to ascertain the extent of progress in the pertinent field and the frequency of research conducted. Such research is important to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the issue under discussion, that is, the use of experts in the field of scholarly research. This literature review would be divided into two parts: the synthesis of the available information on the subject, followed by a scholarly analysis of the literature, discussing the shortcomings of the available material regarding the subject. Synthesis: the literature discusses the role of experts in research under two distinct models; the traditional method of expert instruction, and the more recent method of constructivism (Murphy, 1997). A most comprehensive study made on the subject is by far the article ‘Towards Expert Knowledge?’ by Paivi Tynjala, published in the International Journal of Educational Research in 1999. In this article, Tynjala makes a comparison between the traditional instructional set up and the more recent advent of constructivist education. The article starts by describing the established model of learning across the majority of institutes, analyzing its characteristics and presenting the issues that arise from the practice of that traditional system in the present day evolved framework of academia. it deconstructs the issue into its constituents, discussing each component separately, such as the ontology of expertise, the epistemology of gaining expertise, the methodology involved, and the shortcomings of that methodology. It presents as a solution the pure form of constructivist model, demanding a sheer shift from one system to the other and submitting that such a drastic changeover is the only method of catering to the changing needs of the field. It does not present any model for integration of the two systems, rather simply advocates const ructivism. Another extensive research on the topic comes from Kimberly A. Galt, in his work ‘Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches to research and inquiry’ (2008). The discussion starts by defining the different approaches to learning, such as epistemology, ontology, and methodology, and then progresses to the detailed discussion of each, focusing the most on methodology. It includes detailed analysis of the different types of methodology, like quantitative, qualitative, and mixed, listing the characteristics of each and set ups in which each could be adequately used. This study does not aim at upholding a certain system, but leaves the conclusion to be drawn by the researcher as to which methodology of epistemology suits his mind frame. There are very few other such open-ended studies available on the subject. Helen Gosse, Holly Gunn, and Leon Swinkels, in their article

Manage recruitment, selection & induction Assignment - 1

Manage recruitment, selection & induction - Assignment Example ruitment of employees at STAR Industries seems to be at logger heads with the legal expectations, a factor that is manifested in the reaction of job applicants as well as some members of the HR department at STAR. According to the email received from Gus Tinsdale reveals much of the practises from the department. The email suggests a number of non compliance cases that depict the reason why his denial for the opportunity as a shift supervisor is not subject to further discussion. For instance, the HR department at STAR could be involved in a possible age discrimination, in which the company makes preference for younger ages, regardless of other qualifications (Baras, Barberà  , Barrio & Rodrà ­guez, 2009). However, there are legal procedures that the company would comply to ensure maximum compliance with the legal provisions. It involves the incorporation of an induction program to the entire HR department on the modern legal recruitment provisions, especially at times when the company requires new employees for various positions. Official communication is made to the members concerned for such training programs, and adherence to the rules of recruitment form part of the new commitments among the members of the HR department. For instance, the HR should adhere to these methods to acquire the right candidates, other than discrimination based on age. After the advertisement of the available vacancies, it is important that the HR department consider a merit based selection, unlike other criteria such as age, in which STAR industry considers ‘youthful’ qualifications. For instance, merit based selection takes into account the following; Communication of new policies forms the backbone on which effective implementation of these policies lies and any breakdown in such results in confusion, wrongdoings and eventual stalling of organizational processes Hughes et al (1999). Choosing the right channel using which to communicate also plays a big part on new policy

Women's rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women's rights - Essay Example I chose the two papers for the high mindedness of the writers and for the subject matters relating to aspects of the empowerment of women and the advancement of women’s causes. An underlying theme or thread in the two works is that women are both intellectually and morally capable to secure an equal place in society with men, not only in matters of economics and such things as the right to property as well as relations with men, but also in important political aspects, such as suffrage. In other words both argue for the securing of the various rights of women, as they pertain to being equal to men in those fundamental huiman rights. The thinking of course is that at the time of their writing the two works reflect imbalances and injustices in the way these rights are recognized along gender rights, with women’s rights not recognized in the same degree as men’s rights, if at all (Fuller; May). This document was written by Margaret Fuller, who was considered a feminist, and bright and intellectual enough to be in the company of the Transcendentalists. In a way she was writing the piece for both the Transcendalists and the general society, in hopes of addressing the systemic discrimination against women in society and the denial of their inherent rights as human beings, in parity with the men (Fuller).. The first major point in the article is with regard to the conditions that women found themselves in, which is basically akin to slavery, in that they are unable to hold property, and are dependent on their husbands for whatever they get even when widowed. This, even as women are abused by vicious men, and made to suffer while the men live off their labors and their love like parasites. Fuller asserts too, that she is a slave in other ways, but this first point sets the stage for the airing of grievances so to speak, and by way of arguing for the recognition of the wider

Persuasion and Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasion and Leadership - Research Paper Example This names them natural leaders. It is important to note that persuasion does not work in all situations of leadership (Jay, 1998). At times, people need coercion application of authority to do something. The objective of this research paper is to explore the magnitude of the importance of persuasion in leadership practice. Abstract Persuasion is very essential in leadership because human beings are emotional by nature. People who experience positive heightened emotionality can perform complicated tasks within a short period of time as compared to those who experience negative emotionality. Therefore, people need to be persuaded so that they can achieve full control of their emotions. Persuasion is not relevant for all forms and styles of leadership, since there are different principles and procedure in doing something. This paper will cover all categories of persuasion and how they are applied in leadership context. Further it will explore different strategies of persuasion leadersh ip and demonstrate how persuasion works to make leadership a successful exercise. Leadership is highly praised by people. When people talk, they refer to the best leaders who have ever lived at this planet and who left memorable legacy in their hearts. Such leaders include Martin Luther King Junior, Mahatma Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Abraham Lincoln and Nelson Mandela. Their legacy will live on in the hearts of their supporters long after their death for their good deeds (Kathleen 1998). These leaders were in charge of the groups they were leading; through their inspiration great goals were accomplished. Although these leaders faced plenty of criticisms from their opposers and those who doubted them, they developed a tough skin that could not be penetrated by those critics. They all remained focused on their targets and eventually got the best results. The other key concept in this paper is persuasion which entails altering the minds of individuals to make up-to-the-minute decisions . Leaders essentially communicate their ideas through persuasion. They persuade individuals to toil together, to attain results that are beyond their capacities which seemed impossible to accomplish (Kathleen 1998). This was made possible by making the workers to temporarily suspend their own interests to allow room for the attainment of less personal organizational goals. Research has proved that emotions are fundamental in decision making. People who have their part of the brain that deals with emotions incapacitated cannot make sound decisions. Therefore, emotions make it possible for us to think and decide the best action to take in every situation (Freedman, 1966). Emotions act like code that we use to store our experiences and make it possible to retrieve that information in times of need. Persuasion is the pillar of leadership, decision making and altering minds; therefore, emotional processes are central for the actions of leaders who are successful. In addition, leaders req uire a competent intellectual capacity to be able to deal with emotionally-laden arguments from their followers (Freedman, 1966). It is very essential for a leader to understand their own emotional reactions and tendencies to be in a position to evoke and control emotional responses in other people. Good leaders apply persuasion in their practice of leading others (Mike 2011). To achieve this

Conflict Of Laws In The Banking Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conflict Of Laws In The Banking Industry - Essay Example Nevertheless, a severable part of the contract which has a closer connection with another country may by way of exception be governed by the law of that other country.† The second sentence on Article 4(1) would make the jurisdiction of the transaction highly debatable as the location of the collateral would make it closer to Ruritania thus the question of whether or not the laws which will govern the disposal thereof would fall under the â€Å"severable†. In some countries, foreign entities are not allowed to own properties within its jurisdiction, which would bring about a conflict of laws on properties. Note also that is Article 4(2) of EC Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations it is provided that â€Å"Subject to the provisions of paragraph 5 of this Article, it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the party who is to effect the performance which is characteristic of the contract has, at the time of conclusion of the contract, his habitual residence, or, in the case of a body corporate or unincorporated, its central administration. However, if the contract is entered into in the course of that party's trade or profession, that country shall be the country in which the principal place of business is situated or, where under the terms of the contract the performance is to be effected through a place of business other than the principal place of business, the country in which that other place of business is situated.† The interpretation of the law is clearly enunciated in the leading case of Sierra Leone Telecommunications Co. Ltd. v. Barclays Bank Plc (1998) where it reiterated the general rule established under the case of Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Bankers Trust Co [1989] that â€Å"where there is no choice of venue for redress or no provisions as to which law would apply is laid in the case of that the contract between a bank and its customer is governed by the law of the place where the account is kept, in the absence of agreement to the contrary† was affirmed.

External envelope (consruction technolgy and materials) Essay

External envelope (consruction technolgy and materials) - Essay Example Facilitation of roadmap meetings and documentation has been performed by the department of energy's office of building technology, state and community programs (BTS) which manages the largest buildings RD& D program in the federal government. By joining forces to implement this technology roadmap, leaders in industry are laying the groundwork for residential housing that is increasingly adaptable, durable, energy and resource efficient, comfortable, and supportive of health and well-being. Modern's methods of constructions are giving architects and specify a great freedom in design that ever before. As well as the new commonly used timer frame and brick and block, insulating concrete forms (ICFs) are raising their profile in the industry. Becoming a viable alternative in providing speedy installation, and satisfaction insulation legislation. Having being used extensively in the U.S. and Canada for over 30 years, companies such as Polysteel are now developing their use in the U.K. projects such as the sovereign Harbor development in East Bourne are taking advantage of ICF's fast track construction. Inclusive design is the only guaranteed method of ensuring that a building is suitable for all disabled people who wish to use it. Inclusive design is about the specification of the building, about the intent to make it suitable for everyone to use. It blends the natural flow of the building in a way that takes account of the requirement of all groups disabled inclusive. U.K BUILDING REGULATIONS The approved document, part M of the U.K.'s building regulations gives some explanation of the reasons for each of its requirements it is in this section of the document that designers and spacefarers can see how to create an interesting building, one that will still satisfy the need of all, including disabled people, according to building products magazine.. In recent years the government has been making "all the right noise" on the environment. There is no doubt that the U.K. is one of the nations leading the way aware of the long-term consequences for us all. I will state here that if we drastically reduce the amount of Co2 emissions this country currently generate, we will contribute to the well being of the entire planet. However, there are three basic measures to be taken: better insulation for our properties making them less reliant on heating; making better use of what nature can offer in terms of wind, ware and solar energy, and most importantly, get our domestic and commercial heating systems running more efficiently. Part L of the building regulations in England and Wales has been a stipulation that boilers fitted into new properties are of the high efficiency type, with the resultant reduction in consumption of gas. According to Stephen Magdalena "over the years, architectural recast concrete cladding panels have built track records of meeting essential client requirements in a wide range of application.." MATERIAL UTILIZATIONS Of course the decision to prefabricate must be taken early and the specialist full advantage is to be gained. The range of caddy finishes available can be split into two groups: those where the actual concrete in on view and those where the concrete forms a backing to other materials. In all cases, quality is guaranteed

Post War Europe Essay Example for Free

Post War Europe Essay The World War II refers to the global conflict that took place between 1939 to 1945. Also referred to as the Second World War, the conflict involved many nations, especially the great powers. The conflict had two opposing military alliances, the Axis and the Allies (Hakim, p 8). This war has been considered as one of the most spread war in the world history since it involved the mobilization of more than 100 million military personnel. The Allies alliance during the war was made up of countries that opposed the Axis powers. The Big Three† or the three major nations that led the Allied Alliance were the United States of America, Britain, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. Other nations that were part of the Allied Alliance included China, France, Poland, Australia, Canada, and South Africa. The Axis Alliance opposed the Allies, and it was led by three major Axis powers. These powers were; Germany, Italy and Japan. These three countries in September 1940 had signed a Tripartite Pact upon which the Axis Alliance was founded. Other nations that were part of the Axis Alliance included; Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia. Some the Axis co- belligerents included; Finland, India, Vietnam, and Iraq. The state of total war as a result of this conflict had the major nations that were involved use their scientific, industrial, and economic capabilities in order to develop weapons or plan military strategies that would maximize their probability of winning the war (Russell, p 15). It is estimated that over 70 million people were killed, with the majority being civilians. This made the war one of the deadliest human conflict to ever occur. The war began in 1939, and was triggered by the Germany’s invasion of Poland. This later led to the France, United Kingdom, and the United States declaration of war on Germany. Some of the well known events that occurred during the Second World War include; the Operation Barbararossa, Pearl Harbour attack and the Marco Polo Bridge incident. The war ended in 1945 and had the United States and the Soviet Union turn out to be the superpowers. The World War II broke out in Europe after Hitler led the Axis Alliance by first invading Poland. There were several major effects of Second World II on Germany and Europe.  In this paper, these effects will be discussed. Major effects of World War II in Germany Germany was one of the leading nations in the Axis Alliance against the Allies during the Second World War. Germany is considered to have developed some of the most sophisticated and most destructive weapons during the war. Together with the cost of military operations, Germany used a great amount of its finances to develop weapons for use during the war. The Nazi Germany which was led by Adolf Hitler invested great amounts of financial resources to cater for the costs of the war. In 1936, Adolph Hitler in his efforts to purchase war materials at low prices imposed price controls on the Germany people. Rationing later followed in 1939. Price controls that were put on food led to food shortages during the war. This led to the people growing their food and doing barter trade with their personal belongings for food. Compensation trade was born during the war; as a result of the wide spread barter trade. Due to the business to business transactions, many business firms hired a person who could barter a firms’ output. The barter trade was inefficient compared to the direct purchase of commodities and services using money. According to a Germany economist Walter Eucken self- sufficiency and barter trade were incompatible. Due to an extensive labor division, Germans’ economic system had been â€Å"reduced to a primitive condition† (Harlett 1978, p. 34). The Germany economy after the war was in shambles. In the housing sector, Adolph- Hitler scorched – earth policy together with the war had affected about 20 per cent of the housing. Germanys’ economic hardship had the food production per capita from 1938 to 1947 reduce by 51 per cent. In addition, the occupying powers had set the food ration between 1040 and 1550 calories per day. As compared to the industrial out put in 1938, Germanys’ out put in 1947 was only a third of the 1938 industrial output. Due to the death of a large number of working -age men during the war, Germany had inadequate labor. The economic hardship had triggered the Germany government to put in place measures that would rejuvenate the country’s’ economy. The government eliminated the price controls that were initially there, while the currency was reformed. This occurred in 1948. Later in 1948 and1949, there was reduction of the marginal tax rates. These measures saw the Germanys’ economy grow rapidly 20 years after the World War II. Germany’s economic problems can also be attributed to the World War I effects. Before the World War I, the German Empire had a prosperous economy. However,after the war,Germany’s economic prosperity was considered to have been ruined by treaties such as the 1919 Treaty of Versallies. The signing of the treaties by Germany together with the World War I effects led to great inflation in the early 1920s. Though Germany’s economy improved after the First World War, the economic problems that characterized this period to some extent came to affect Germany’s economy after the World War II. The first several years in Germany after the World War II were of great economic problems. This resulted from the destruction of property, land, and homes during the war (Klopstock, p 285). Furthermore, many Germans fled from their homes during the war, a situation that made working almost impossible. This reduced the economic productivity of the nation, whose negative effects after the war became evident. In addition to this, the industrial and agricultural production had drastically reduced in Germany. Many millions of people lacked food and clothing as the inflation raged in Germany. Food shortage had become severe and â€Å"each day, and particularly on weekends, vast hordes of people trekked out to the country to barter food from the farmers†(Wallich, p 65). Despite the economic problems that the Germans were experiencing, the political leaders were able to exploit the situation in order to build a very strong economy in future. The economic problems encouraged the German political leaders to focus on the future plans of reviving Germany’s economy. The leaders saw a new beginning in the ruined economy, where the economy was viewed as an instrument of prosperity. The need to have a prosperous economy would then assist the Germans to have a stable society, as well as to safeguard democracy. The leaders sought both the economic prosperity and social peace. A prosperous economy would also make sure that there was equal opportunity for all the German citizens so that eruption of a revolution would be prevented when bitter frustration of the underprivileged social groups was avoided. The reviving of the German economy and â€Å"economic system that had been reduced to a primitive condition† (Hazlett, p 34) due to the economic problems experienced as a result of the World War II became important. The economy was revived through the efforts of some Germans’ post war leaders such as Ludwig Erhard. The currency reforms that were introduced through the efforts of Erhard led to the abolition of the Reichmark and the Deutsche mark introduction. The installation of the new currency began in 1948 led to economic success. Furthermore, Erhard abolished the Nazi and the occupation regulations and rules. This was the beginning of a prosperous and free economy in Germany, which in turn established the foundation of a growing West Germany economy. Apart from the economic problems experienced in Germany, another major effect of the World War II(WWII) in Germany was the division of Germany into two (East and West Germany) for about 40 years. The division occurred in 1949 and ended on October 1990 to reunite the two sides. The three Allied Zones of Occupation were brought together to form West Germany. These three zones were those that were held by France, United Kingdom, and the United States. The two special territories in German’s two states were Berlin and the Saarland. Since the West was democratically organized, it considered itself to have exclusive mandate for all of Germany. The Yalta Conference that was held by the Soviet Union, United States, and the United Kingdom leaders aimed as paving the way forward for future arrangements with the Europe after the World War II. It was during the conference that the leaders decided to split Germany into four occupation Zones. These Zones included; the French Zone, American Zone, British Zone, and the Soviet Zone. West Germany was formed in 1949 and comprised of the Western Allied Zones. The Soviet Zones formed the East Germany, which was also referred to as the Germany Democratic Republic. The West Germany economy grew so rapidly due to the economic aid from the United States and also the Marshall Plan. But more importantly, the currency reforms that were introduced in West Germany strengthened the economy. Both the East and West Germany had mutual recognition of each other and the relation between the two was normalized by treaties such as the Treaty of Warsaw(1970),Basic Treaty(1972) and the Treaty of Moscow(1970). West Germany became cosmopolitan due to the western culture influences while East Germany was conservative. The East Germany adhered to the socialist ideologies, where there was less freedom as compared to West Germany. In addition, the West Germany government was more decentralized and East Germany had a government based on the Communist ideaologies. The reunification of the East and West Germany occurred on 3 October 1990 to form the Federal Republic of Germany, which is the current Germany. The Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961 to separate the two regions, but it was destroyed in 1989 after the reunification of East and West Germany. The third major effect of the World War II on Germany was the great advancement in technology. This resulted from German’s great technological ability to develop and use highly sophisticated and powerful weapons and industrial technology. Germany is considered to have developed and used some of the most powerful and sophisticated weapons during the World War II. For instance, Germany managed to develop powerful anti-aircraft weaponry, aircraft bombers, bombs, guns, rifles, and chemical weapons. The jet aircrafts which had been developed late during the war were advanced after the World War II. The Navy advancements during the World War II paved way for more technological development in the naval field. The German designs such as the Type VII submarine were used during the World War II, and the technology was later used after the war for greater advancement. For instance, after the division of Germany into West and East Germany, some of the German’s intellectual privileges that were of industrial advantage. The Allies who had control over West Germany confiscated Germans’ intellectual privileges and used them for their own companies. This led to rapid growth in industrialization due to the technology that had been developed by the Germans. Major Effects of World War II on Europe The World War II had so many countries involved, with the majority being from Europe. Examples of European countries that took part in the war included the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, France, and Poland. These countries and Europe as a continent experienced some major effects of the World War II. One major effect of the World War II on Europe was economic problems. The World War II had demanded that nations that were involved in the conflict invest their scientific, industrial, and economic capabilities. This required huge amounts of financial resources. Before the war, many European nations had very strong economic abilities. The nations’ economic and population advantage was very essential for success in the war. In addition, the European nations that had major industrial and financial developments included Germany, United Kingdom, and France. Industrial development that had spread across Europe before the war had contributed to great economic development in the European nations. The Industrial Revolution had led to rapid economic growth, which put the European nations at a good position to compete with the United States of America which was then an economic might. The World War II led to the destruction of Europe’s industrial centers and this affected negatively the high production of products or commodities that would be sold to increase economic growth in Europe (Tucker, p 771). The European infrastructure that was greatly destroyed made it hard for the citizens to undertake activities that would contribute to the economic growth. The European countries during the war had continued to increase their spending on developing and producing military weapons. There was construction of strategic road network by some European nations with the aim of increasing their probability of winning the war. The need for synthetic rubber and oil from coal to use during the war promoted great financial investments by the European nations. For instance, Britain’s’ economy was harnessed to the World War II efforts. The destruction of Europe’s infrastructure led to economic problems. The damage of the road and rail networks during the war made it very difficult for the European nations after to move the essential goods from one place to another. The economy was exhausted, a good example being Britain’s economy. For the European countries that were involved in the World War, their economies experienced severe inflation. Though rationing and luxury goods absence in Europe before the war had encouraged people to save, the people were unable to spend their savings since there were no commodities to purchase as would be preferred. The economic hardships in Europe made some European countries to borrow heavily from other nations with a strong economy such as the United States. The economic hiccups in Europe were later followed by economic recovery, where the currency reforms â€Å"quickly reestablished money as the preferred medium of exchange and monetary incentives as the prime mover of economic activity† (Heller, p 215). Another major effect of the World War II on Europe was environmental destruction. The World War II resulted to great environmental destruction. In many cases, any warfare or military conflict has very devastating effects on Europe’s natural environment. Improvements in technology during the war led to the invention of military weapons that were very destructive to the human life as well as the natural ecosystems. For example, the use of powerful and sophisticated bombs in the war destroyed animal and plant life. Furthermore, new chemical components that made up the weapons were released into the environment. This affected the soil fertility and composition, and this made it impossible for land to regain its fertility. The chemical components released from the explosives used in the war made it impossible for some arable land to be productive again. Many parts of Europe that acted as military grounds experienced great environmental degradation. The technological advancements during the World War II were incompatible with environmental preservation. War can never be compatible with the preservation and conservation of the natural environment. The environmental degradation that was occurring during the war was not a bother to the parties that were involved in the war. The military operations, destruction of natural vegetation to build communication lines and roads, and artillery shelling destroyed the environment. The new and effective ways military strategies that were used by the different nations’ forces to attack the enemies or defending themselves from the enemies increased environmental destruction. Long after the war ended, Europe’s natural environment has not yet recovered from the destruction it experienced during the war. In the era of technological advancement and industrialization, environmental issues seemed to cause very little concern in Europe, hence the effects of the war have proved that the war through technological advancement had become a great environmental threat. The increased use of chemical weapons resulted to long-lived negative effects on the environment. The waste disposal practices during and after the war in Europe resulted to â€Å"significant contamination of soils and ground water with high explosives† (Pennington et al, p 163). For example, the use of high explosives has made the recovery of the environment from destruction in Europe almost impossible. Consequently, the environment has become a health hazard to the people with the land mines that are still trapped in the soil/lands making some parts of the Europe land inhabitable. The areas were turned into waste land. Great technological advancements were another major effect of the World War II was witnessed in Europe. These changes that were witnessed were as a result of the nations that took part in the war struggle to invent and use better and powerful military weapons than their rivals. The technological development during and after the First World War promoted more advancements after the World War I . This is because, the improvements made after the World War II were an improvement on those that had earlier been invented. The inventions were considered as very critical when it came to winning the war, and this promoted technological inventions that were very instrumental to the economic development of many European nations after the war. The use of radio’s and electricity became possible due to the technological development witnessed during the wars. Research that had been intensively done by the Allies and the Axis with the aim of outdoing each other’s weapons became very important to more inventions after the war. The technological innovations of the war paved way for the naval technological development witnessed up to date. For instance, the introduction of aircraft receivers and radio communication systems during the war led to more development in naval industry long after the war. The technological advancement became a very vital requirement for survival during the war no doubt led to greater inventions after the war in Europe. Conclusion The World War II has been considered as one of the most devastating conflict to ever occur. This is due to the high number of people who were killed during the war. The various nations that were involved in the conflict invested greatly to the war efforts through finances and scientific inventions. Germany was one of the major players in the conflict and it proved to have great ability to develop and use powerful weapons against its enemies. The major effects of the war were both positive and negative. While some effects have been devastating to the people and the natural environment, others have brought about development in various fields of economic growth

Visual storytelling in films

Visual storytelling in films Literature Review Introduction In this preface section, more than a few factors that shape the art of relating visuals and stories in films will be listed down. These factors will be the root of the research in order to perform the methodology analysis of the thesis, in addition to answering the research questions as well as analyzing the obtained results from the research. Visual Storytelling in Films: What is it? The exact description of visual storytelling is hard to pin down succinctly as there are various schools of thought regarding the matter. All the same, The International Film School of Paris (EICAR) had defined it frankly as â€Å"Communicating visually in forms that can be read or looked upon. In cinema a story is most visual when ideas and emotions are expressed through performance and aesthetics as opposed to dialogue.† Based on that characterization it is not hard to understand why Monaco (2000) claims that a film is a language for it ‘communicates’ to an audience. It is not a language in the sense of English, French or Mathematic is, for there is no such thing as grammar or vocabulary that needed learning. Campsall (2002) is in agreement as he elaborated that the language of film expresses the way a film would ‘speak’ to its audiences and spectators which is why directors, producers and editors work to produce meaning from the moving still images of film, video and television. The viewers in the end are responsible in decoding these meanings in a not dissimilar way to interpreting spoken and written language. When watching a film; everyone from various age groups is able to comprehend the visuals they see. Monaco (2000) states further that there are two conclusions, that everyone can perceive and identify a visual image which leads to the above statement. Another is that even the simplest visual images are interpreted differently in by people with different backgrounds. This is because, as human beings, we don’t simply read what we see but we bring to our interpretation of moving images, a range of pre-existing expectations, information and mutual experiences that f orm the significance we take from what we see (Campsall, 2002). An essential facet of film language is its gripping temperament and its manifestation of realism also known as verisimilitude. As Campsall (2002) wrote, it is not only as if the audiences are watching a bona fide ‘window on the world’, it’s a window that they would desire to remain on watching. Through these means, films are not only capable of being entertaining, enlightening and informing to its viewers, but also enabling them to perceive the world in a particular means. Moreover this makes the film language very much recognized as semiotic what with the usage of signs, codes and conventions. Those who could understand the language are able to see the methods or conventions used for visual storytelling. Throughout this research, there were many books and articles that voiced out their opinions on methods of reading a film; each film jargons have their specific symbolism and usage depending on what the direction of the story. When one is able to properly read a film by means of identifying and understanding the conventions, one would be capable of visual storytelling (Sijll, 2005). Below is the list of the accumulated conventions used in today’s visual storytelling. Visual Storytelling: Space Space in film refers to the spatial dynamics inherent in the frame of a film. One would say that a film frame is akin to a static snapshot thus part of a moving picture. Like a painting, the static image of the frame presents inherent storytelling opportunities. Because a movie is a motion picture, the composition of the frame continuously changes. This added characteristics affords two important story elements – that of screen direction and comparison. Screen direction can suggest antagonism, individualism, and conflict, for example. A moving frame might be used to represent change, similarity or it’s opposite, stasis. Visual Storytelling: Framing a Composition The eye responds differently to various visual stimuli. Among the most important elements that have been discerned are: brightness, colour, size, shape, motion, speed, and direction. Through careful manipulations these elements can be used to guide the audience’s attention and emotional response. As always, content, juxtaposition with bordering frames, and the intersection of other elements will contribute to the viewer’s response. Visual Storytelling: Shape within the Frame Depending on use and context, shapes can be used to suggest ideas and emotions. Traditionally there are three fundamental shapes: the circle, the square and the triangle. Out of these three, many forms can be derived out of them: the half circle, the rectangle, and many others. For each shapes there are certain traditional association made of them. Block (2008) listed in â€Å"The Visual Story† some of the shape meanings. Rounded Shapes are associated with indirectness, passive, romantic, pertaining to nature, soft organic, childlike, safe and flexible. Squares however are direct, industrial, ordered, linear, unnatural, adult, and rigidness. Triangles are for aggressiveness and dynamics. Block cautions that these are not rules for new associations can always be made depending on the need of the story. Shape is merely one element in the frame. Visual Storytelling: Editing Editing is a way of constricting time and space or producing the outcome of a dream sequence or flashback. The results of editing are more often than not seamless and natural that the audiences tend not to be aware of it. In theory, editing is the constriction of scenes through assembly of shots. Different choices of editing could guide the audience’s emotional response. Pudovkin (1926) had set down five editing techniques that remain the foundation of the modern day cutting: contrast, parallelism, symbolism, simultaneity, Leit-Motif. Visual Storytelling: Time A film is a dramatic representation of life. It is made up of scenes ordered to represent the passage of film time through the assembly of edited shots. Film time is rarely paced the same as real life. With the exception of mise-en-scene, most edited sequences manipulate real time. From one cut to another, an opportunity of altering experiences of real time can be made. The reason filmmakers alter time is because they are creating a dramatic story. Only those moments that contribute to its advancement are included, all else is left out. Visual Storytelling: Sound and Music Outside of the musical score, movies rely on three kinds of sound to tell their stories: Dialogues, voiceover and sound effects. While voiceover and dialog are well understood to be writer’s tools, few screenwriters approach sound effects with the same certainty. Yet sound effects are as much the purview of the writer as are visual metaphor, sound effects can also suggest an extended aural metaphor. They can add layers of meaning to a film that are hard to achieve in other ways. Sound effects can be obvious or subtle. They can intentionally draw attention, or manipulate with stealth. They can expose, disguise, suggest establish or reveal. They can also be associated to specific events or characters. Lyrics of music can act as the voice of a character. They can reveal the inner thoughts in a way that can be more interesting than a simple dialogue scene. Lyrics can also act as the voice of the narrator. They add another delivery system with which to parcel out character and thematic information. In other times, music is symbolically used as a story element. Visual Storytelling: Transitions The movement between the end of one scene and the beginning of another is called a transition. Each transition presents an opportunity to convey story information by virtue of how the scenes are cut together. The scene can simply be cut with no intentional reference or constructed to add a story element. A matching transition is one way to exploit this opportunity and can be achieved in an infinite number of ways. Visual Storytelling: Lenses, Positions and Motions of the Camera The camera presents a scene – subjects, actions, settings – in a series of shots that render images on a screen. Instead of just placing the camera where an audience can watch the action, the camera is able to provide the audience with engaging visual experiences. Variety is important for if a scene is simply rendered by a continue series of wide shots, the eye will soon tires of repetitions. A good shot will usually contain a variety of camera framings, and angles. For example by exploiting the depth of field of the lenses, each character on scene can inhabit their own horizontal plan. In this way characters can be staged in-depth. This allows the audience to see each character reacting to one event simultaneously and in real time. Different positions also play a part. The closer the camera is to a character, the more likely audiences will sympathise with the character. Visual Storytelling: Lighting and Colour Film interprets subjects and scenes as images of light and shade. Lighting is one of the few aspects in film that has the ability to create a certain reality to the audience. There are a number of different styles of lighting, each designated as a style geared to the theme and mood, as well as its genre. Lightings can also be used to weaken subject matter. Colour on the other hand tends to be a subconscious element in film. It’s strongly emotional in its appeal, expressive atmospheric. In short, colour helps to suggest moods. Visual Storytelling: Props, Wardrobes, and Locations Props provide a dramatic way to express a characters inner world. Props speak visually, are mobile, and can be returned to throughout the movie. By purposely selecting and exploiting props, a film’s scene can be given an added layer of meaning. Wardrobes are the same as props; the decision to include wardrobe elements depends on whether it adds sufficient dramatic value be it to a character, to show character transformation or the passage of time. Another way to externalize the inner thoughts of character is to manipulate the locations. It also offers a huge storytelling potential, for a certain location can heighten drama, suggest parallels and contrast besides defining a character. All three can also serve the purpose of bringing a sense of metaphor to the film. References Arnheim, R. 1969. Film as art. Berkeley: University of California Press. Bellantoni, P. 2005. If its purple, someones gonna die. Amsterdam: Focal Press. Bordwell, D. 1985. Narration in the fiction film. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. Bordwell, D.; Thompson, K. (2006). Film Art: An Introduction (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Block, B. (2008). The Visual Story (2nd ed.). Burlington: Focal Press Campsall, S. (2002). Analysing Moving Image Texts: â€Å"Film Language† [Online]. Available: http://www.englishbiz.co.uk/downloads/filmanalysis.pdf [2011, January 7]. CustomFlix. (Studio). (2006). Visual Culture: Visual Storytelling [DVD]. (Available from Amazon.com) Douglass, J.; Harnden, G. (1996). The Art of Technique: An Aesthetic Approach to Film and Video Production. Boston: Allyn Bacon Dirks, T. (No date). History of Film: The Pre-1920s [Online]. Available: http://www.filmsite.org/pre20sintro.html [2011, February 25]. Duguid, M. (No date). Hitchcock’s Style [Online]. Available: http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tours/hitch/tour1.html [2011, February 25]. Ebert, R. (2008). How to read a movie. Roger Ebert’s Journal [Online], 14paragraphs. Available: http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/2008/08/how_to_read_a_movie.html [2008, August 30]. Freeman, D. (No date). Visual Storytelling in Batman Begins [Online]. Available: http://www2.beyondstructure.com/article_batman.php [2011, February 25]. Gelmis, J. (1970). The Film Director As Superstar. New York: Doubleday Company. Giannetti, L. (2001). Understanding Movies (9th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall Green, D. E. 2003. The proper use of cinematic storytelling in biblical preaching. Hallahan, K. 1999. Seven models of framing: Implications for public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 11 (3), pp. 205242. Martz, M. and Hallahan, K. 2009. Filmmakers as Social Advocates—A New Challenge for Issues Management: Claims-making and Framing in Four Social Issue Documentaries. Pedagogical Posters _ 156, p. 119. Metz, C. (1990). Film Language: A Semiotics of the Cinema. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. Monaco, J. and Lindroth, D. 2009. How to read a film. New York: Oxford University Press. Playboy (1968, September). What did Kubrick have to say about what 2001 means? Playboy Magazine, 10 paragraphs. Available: http://www.krusch.com/kubrick/Q12.html [2010, 12, December] Pimenta, S. and Poovaiah, R. 2010. On defining visual narratives. IDC Design Research Journal, 3 pp. 2546. Pudovkin, V. (1926). Film technique and Film Acting. New York: Grove Press Rosenbaum, J. 2010. Goodbye cinema, hello cinephilia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sijll, J.V. (2005). Cinematic Storytelling: The 100 Most Powerful Film Conventions Every Filmmaker Must Know. California: Michael Wiese Ward, P. (2003). Picture Composition for Film and Television (2nd ed.). Burlington: Focal Press Zettl, H. 1973. Sight, sound, motion; applied media aesthetics. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub. Co.

Mineko Iwasakis Geisha, A Life :: Mineko Iwasaki Geisha, A Life

Mineko Iwasaki's Geisha, A Life Geisha is a wonderful book for people who want to learn about Japanese culture and the geisha arts. Iwasaki explains the intricacies and politics of the business while telling of her life as a geisha in post-World War II Japan. Reviewer Alyssa Kolsky writes â€Å"there’s something alluring about a book that details the day-to-day minutes of one of the world’s most fascinating, secretive and oldest professions† (74). Mineko Iwasaki is a strong willed woman who becomes the Number One geisha of Kyoto’s top geisha house, the Iwasaki oikya. Starting her career at age five, Mineko quickly gains notoriety and overcomes the hurdles that come with being a geisha. She retires at age 29 after fourteen years as Japan’s most famous geisha. People experienced with Japanese culture might find the narration too simple and straight-forward, but beginners will gain a wealth of knowledge. As Mineko describes her life in the oikya, she also includes the histories of the Gion Kobu district where she lived, and the women in the oikya, along with the details of the social-political structure between geishas, their clients, and the businesses that support the geisha arts. Some readers might also find Geisha a little dispassionate for their tastes. â€Å"Her lack of reflection and tendency toward mechanical description make the work more of a manual than a memoir,† (56) writes Sarah Gold and Mark Rotella. An anonymous reviewer for Kirkus Reviews describes a number of passages as â€Å"quite a mouthful for the uninitiated† (1198). Despite Iwasaki’s writing style, Geisha is a wonderful book for fans of the geisha arts and women rising above obstacles that stand in their way. Resources â€Å"Geisha, A Life (Book)† Kirkus Reviews.

Blaise Pascal :: essays research papers

Blaise Pascal was a great mathematician who lived in 17th Century France. His mother was Antoinette Begon; she died when Blaise was three. His father, Etienne took the responsibility of bringing him up. Pascal had two sisters, Gilberte and Jacqueline. Pascal began his studies in 1635 with his reading of Euclid’s Elements and mastered them by age 12. This won the boy respect for his great talent in mathematics. Pascal in fact did not attend school; instead, Etienne brought him to lectures and mathematical gatherings at the â€Å"Academie Parsienne† nearly from its founding. At the early age of 16, Pascal began to play an active role in â€Å"Academie Parisienne†. There, Pascal became the principal disciple of Girard Desargues, a professor working there because he was the only one who appreciated his work in geometry. Pascal began work on conics and published several papers to do with geometry. In fact, in June 1639, Pascal has already made a significant discovery with his â€Å"mystical hexagram†. In 1641, he began to suffer from problems of health that delayed his research for a year, but he recovered and continued his work. In 1642, Pascal began to create a machine that would be similar to an everyday calculator to help his father with his accounting job. His first attempts were failures and Pascal was discouraged from working on the project for many years. He returned to it in 1644 because of the encouragement of many people. He finished the final model in 1645 after going through more than 50 incarnations of the design, he finished the final model in 1645, Pascal himself did the selling with a few associates but because of it’s high price of and limited uses, sales were probably modest. He did present one to Queen Christina of Sweden and he was allowed a monopoly over it by royal decree. Although Pascal had been raised as a Catholic, later in his life, Pascal had been converted to Jansenism in 1646 and moved to a monastery in Port Royal in France. But in 1658, he left the monastery to continue his mathematical work. Pascal then worked on many mathematical problems, including how fluids and gases behave (1646) this proved that the mercury in a barometer did not move because of a vacuum but rather because of barometric pressure, created â€Å"Pascal’s Triangle† which calculated the probabilities of winning in gambling (1654) which today has been important in the study of statistics and even modern day physics, and the theory of indivisibles (1658).

ALL YOU ZOMBIES :: essays research papers

In the story, All You Zombies, there are many paradoxes that Heinlein touches upon. One being, the ability to travel back and forth through time. This jumping from one time to another would allow one to arrive at a time that he or she is already in causing there to be two of the same person at once. In fact, this is the scenario that occurs in the short story. It all starts when the bartender approaches a sad soul setting at the bar. He asks the fellow to tell him what is wrong. Though reluctant to, the gentleman does after being persuaded to by a bottle of wine. The deal was that if his story was worse then the bartenders he could keep the bottle all for himself. This is a paradox because the reader finds out later in the story that both men are one in the same with the held of time travel. The bartender knowing this has nothing to loose because either way he wins the bottle of wine. Time travel, in this story, is symbolized by the ring that the bartender wares. Like the ring, with no end or beginning, time, through time travel has no end or beginning allowing one to travel through out time with no interruptions. The ring was also said to be warn †to keep women off.† This being that the bartender himself was once a woman(Jane) before he had an, unwilling operation. This operation was done after Jane had a caesarea n and the doctor found out that she had â€Å"two full sets of organs.† When Jane awoke to the bad news she was wrapped tightly in bandages causing her, know a him, to feel â€Å"Like a mummy.† This mummy like feeling is the symbolism for the rest of his life. Once a she now being restricted into a mans body with his life and his fate sealed with him in the bandages. Another paradox is when he says to the bartender, after being interrupted by him, â€Å"Who’s telling this story?† Although the reader, like the story teller, does not know that in fact, he is the bartender. So they are both telling the story because they are one in the same. This is made possible again by time travel, allowing him to be at two place at one time. The mystery finally unravels for him and the reader with this comment, â€Å"Now you know who he is - and after

Far from the madding crowd Essay

This shows that hardy thinks love is based upon events like â€Å"How terrible! † she exclaimed, and clutched him by the sleeve. Gabriel turned, and steadied her on her aerial perch by holding her arm† this shows that she can depend on Oak and trust him and. BOLDWOOD chapter 31, In farmer Boldwood, hardy presents a love that is obsessive and deranged. His ‘unreasoning devotion’ to Bathsheba ‘ is described as a ‘fond madness’. In chapter31 Boldwood confronts Bathsheba and we clearly see a desperate man. He is desperate man because he is willing to kill for a woman who thinks of him as she † never had you. † When it is clear that she had she did more than just lead him on she made and broke a promise of not seeing nay one else and broke her word by saying that she would not marry him, ‘What you call encouragement was the childish game of an idle minute’. In this Boldwood deeply blames Bathsheba for how bad he feels. In this scene Boldwood does try very hard to keep controlled and he even refers to Bathsheba as ‘darling’ when she has done so much wrong to him. Hardy describes Boldwood as ‘desperate’ he does this to show an erratic and unpredictable natures but have an undying devotion to Bathsheba. He describes Gabriel Oak as ‘solid’ he say this to give an impression of consistency and reliability and predictable. Hardy makes that point to show the different in the types of love in the 2 suitors she refused them both and the difference between the two men is the way they react to situation. BOLDWOOD MEETS TROY chapter 34, Moreover, when Boldwood meets Troy in chapter 34 it shows yet another type of love more of a fancy, want for sex type of love emitted by Troy. That is a huge contrast to Boldwood who has a type of utterly devoted desperate love. Hardy compares Troy and Boldwood because he wants to show that he can show that both are fond of Bathsheba but some much more hardy uses words like â€Å"devil may cry† to describe Troy and much more powerful words like â€Å"over whamming to describe† Hardy’s point on love is it comes in all sorts of shapes and sizes and can differ as much as it does between Boldwood’s and Troy’s does. SERGEANT TROY chapter 28, Furthermore Troy is a reckless yet attractive character. He appears brash and direct; his unpredictable and shifting nature is clearly evident in his relationship with Fanny. Troy’s sedation and treatment of Bathsheba is therefore, anticipated. In chapter 28 Troy had lead Bathsheba into a small-secluded area of a field where Troy enticed and teased Bathsheba. By showing off his sword play or his â€Å"dexterity† as hardy put its temps Bathsheba to even kiss Troy. There is a lot of meaning behind this chapter, and it has relevance through out the whole book hardy really tries to put as much emphasis on the atmosphere as possible and the feel of the read he says words like scarlet fever and fever implies it to be hot and bothered. Hardy really ties to show just how in control Troy is. Troy even lies to Bathsheba and threatened her life it is ironic that he lies to harm Bathsheba and Boldwood lie’s to help her. Troy is in control, this also comes into play before they get married when Troy says that if Bathsheba does not get married then he can not give Bathsheba his word that he will stay faithful putting Bathsheba in a ultimatum and he knows it so much so that he even draws attention to her breasts and lunges his sword towards her heart to remove a simple bug and when Bathsheba questions Troy he claims that 1. If she gets hurt it would have been her fault and 2. He simply says â€Å"o no dexterity† other than luck. It does show just how intense the moment was Bathsheba was willing to die for Troy or at least the idea of Troy witch shows a contrast between Boldwood willing to die or indeed to kill for Bathsheba for â€Å"the keen rush† love or a form of love. FANNY chapter, The chapter ‘Fanny’s revenge’ sees the fragile marriage of Bathsheba and Troy finally dissolve. In the chapter, before Troy arrives Bathsheba is happy and child like and takes little care over men, but has ‘a mans’ care over things like business. When Troy kisses Fanny’s dead body Bathsheba is ‘lonely and miserable’ and desperate for Troy to kiss her that should not be too much to accept for a wife. Troy is by no means sorry for his love for Fanny, he acts as if Bathsheba is not even their, hardy shows us how he is ignoring Bathsheba by saying things like ‘Boldwood rushed to Fanny’ HOPE FOR GABRIEL chapter 56, By the end of chapter 56, Gabriel realises that Bathsheba might marry him after all. Bathsheba is now ready for Gabriel because Troy is now gone as well as the part of her that needed him to control her. She may still want him but she now needs some one to lean on and trust. Bathsheba is forced to act because 2 of her 3 suitors have either died or been put away and Bathsheba likes the attention. It is like Oak to still there for Bathsheba after his whole life has been turned upside down. Hardy discusses what is important about love at the end of the chapter, he writes â€Å"usually occurring through similarity of pursuits, is unfortunately seldom superadded to love between the sexes, because men and women associate, not in their labours, but in their pleasures merely† he then moves on to say â€Å"that love which many waters cannot quench, nor the floods drown, beside which the passion usually called by the name is evanescent as steam. † All this is to show just how powerful love is. This is the whole message that the book is going to put across. THE RIGHT MAN, It is plain from the beginning that Gabriel is the right man for Bathsheba. However she is not ready for it at the begging as she needs to be more controlled and even grow up, in the begging when clever things got hard, or she was wrong she just ‘pulled rank’ so to speak like when she was making leather or on the hay bail. Bathsheba begins the book as a girl and grows up into a woman because she can see that she cant always have it her way and lead people on because they will get hurt or worse die. In conclusion, hardy portrays three kinds of love they are reckless lust, shown by Troy devotion, shown by Oak and dependence, as shown by Boldwood. Hardy does not show a clear ‘best’ type of love you can think what you like of the best Boldwood ends up protecting Bathsheba and almost killing himself. She does end up courting Oak but that does not mean that it is the best type of love only that it is a constant happy kind of loves. Then there is trot the one that gave Bathsheba the most enjoyment and the most unpredictability.

Minister’s Black Veil: The Harbored Sin

Reverend Mr. Hooper approached the â€Å"meeting house† Sunday morning to preach his sermon as he did every Sunday, but on this day, he wears a veil that normally signifies mourning. The veil represents the good minister’s guilty conscience that masks a secret sin he harbors in his soul. From Hooper’s first sermon with the veil, the congregation recognizes the darkness he hides with the crape. The sermon makes â€Å"reference to secret sin, and those sad mysteries we hide from our nearest and dearest,† possibly Hooper’s. Later, the minister attends a funeral where the town’s people feel â€Å"the minister and the maiden’s spirit were wailing hand and hand. † In this scene, the inner death of the Reverend’s soul gives him a connection with the deceased. The guilt seizes the minister at the wedding he performs for the â€Å"handsomest couple in Milford. † He catches a look at himself in a mirror and â€Å"the black veil involved his own spirit in the horror with which it overwhelmed all others. † Obviously his guilt overwhelms him at this happy occasion. The sin he harbors in his soul also changes him and separates him from society. At first, Old Squire Sanders does not invite the minister to breakfast. As he continues to wear the veil, â€Å"the gentle and timid would turn aside to avoid him†¦the children fled from his approach. † Even his fiance leaves him because he cannot clear his clouded conscience. Mr. Hooper explains to Elizabeth, â€Å"I hide my face for sorrow. . . I cover it for secret sin. † That sin keeps him from happiness with Elizabeth. The reverend does connect, however, with other sinners. He uses the veil for â€Å"one desirable effect. † The veil’s â€Å"gloom, indeed, enabled him to sympathize with all dark affections. Converts felt â€Å"they had been with him behind the black veil,† signifying they share that secret sin Hooper hides. The Reverend’s â€Å"soul hath a patient weariness until that veil be lifted,† and the secret sin weighs on the minster’s soul. His soul must go to heaven in order to be saved. Unfortunately,  "on this earth† his soul suffers. While he remains human, his soul will bear the burden of sin. Not until God takes his soul can his body finally be cleansed from his impurities. Mr. Hooper wears the black veil to demonstrate to others the guilt he feel being a sinner.

Case Study of an Architect: Steven Ngu

Ar. Steven Ngu Ngie Woon is an designer working in Garis Architects house. He is one of the senior designers working at that place and he leads the designing squad. Get downing from his childhood, Steven has already been exposed to this field because of his father’s business as a contractor. Bing the eldest boy in the household, he was brought up in a really rigorous mode. His slogan â€Å"do more, learn more† was besides an influence from his male parent. And because he was brought up to larn to be responsible for the things that he make, he ne'er does his work half-heartedly. Therefore, he was ever one of the top winners in his instruction. He is presently 34 old ages old. He graduated from University Malaya in twelvemonth 2006, he got his Ar. rubric two old ages after graduation. Ar. Steven’s favorite work is the Symphony Hills in Cyberjaya which he handled from the start till the completion of the undertaking, and it is besides a undertaking that has won legi on PAM awards. The intent of this essay is to understand the linguistic communication of architecture based on the designers childhood, instruction and working experience, the messages and significances the edifice carry, and the context of which it is applied within. Therefore I chose the direction office of Symphony Hills. Pic 1 – Front lift of the office Bing in a state with tropical clime, the designer has to believe of different methods as solutions to the rough clime in Malaysia. Cyberjaya is a topographic point that is bare and has no trees to supply shadiness from the searing heat from the Sun. There is non much precipitation and the air current is non really strong. Therefore, some design solutions are used against the climatic conditions in Cyberjaya. In order to avoid direct warming of the infinites of the edifice, green walls are placed on the frontage of the edifice. In add-on, in conformity to the way of the sun way, the green walls besides work as a perpendicular shading device to forestall blaze from the Sun rise and Sun set. Not merely that, big overhangs on the North and south facing of the edifice to supply shadiness. As for the edifice stuff, concrete is used because of it high capacity as a thermic mass and maps as a heat sink. Not merely does it absorb heat easy and detain the peak temperature of the indoor infinit es until the residents have left, it merely releases heat when the outside temperature is lower and that is merely during the dark clip when there is cipher in the office. Furthermore, in order to increase the heat optical density capacity, a green roof is used where the dirt will besides work as a heat sink. Besides, because of occasional heavy rain in Cyberjaya, a polycarbonate roof that extends out to about five metres is used to forestall the rain from making the gallery infinite where people walk from the office to the surau. Pic 2 – demoing the overhand and the construction of the edifice Compared to other subjects, architectural theory is limitless. It encompasses theories of architectural engineering, architectural history, and architectural design. Harmonizing to Professor Korydon Smith, architectural theory is defined as â€Å" the apprehension of nonsubjective rules and subjective values that guides the persons in determination about their ain and others architectural works.† Through this, what i identified was sustainable architecture and late modernism, besides known as structural expressionism. The chief intent of sustainable design is to â€Å"eliminate negative environmental impact wholly through adept sensitive design.† In order to accomplish the optimum comfort in the office without devouring much energy, the edifice uses H2O characteristics environing the edifice as an indirect evaporative chilling method. A green roof garden is besides used to take down the temperature of the edifice through the vaporization of H2O stored by the workss and the dirt. To farther cut down the heat of of import infinites like the office, non merely is the green wall is used as a perpendicular shading every bit good as a chilling device. By using assorted inactive chilling methods into the edifice design, the edifice is able to utilize less air conditioning system. Additionally, the edifice besides uses egg crates in the edifice design to avoid direct sunshine and warming into the infinites. However, it besides uses curtain wall on the frontage of the edifice to maximize the entry on sunshine into the infinites. Another theory used in this edifice is late modernism, besides known as structural expressionism. It normally exposes the structural elements of the edifice, together with the usage of drape walls. Its design is besides largely based on the map of the edifice, big interior infinites and easy entree to each floor. Pic 3 – Diagrams on theory Another factor analysed is the user, the simple program layout makes it easy for the user to do usage of the infinite efficaciously. When in an office, teamwork is of import, therefore an unfastened program was used to avoid individualizing infinite for each staff. With an unfastened program, the staffs are able to pass on with each other with minimum walking distance. The edifice besides has balconies to let people to hold private conversations while looking out to the beautiful landscape. Furthermore, since this is an office for Symphony Hills itself, the multipurpose hall was made to let Symphony Hill to do a impermanent flat salesroom. The salesroom takes into consideration that during the launching twenty-four hours of the undertaking, there will be many viewing audiences to come position the salesroom, therefore public furniture are placed in forepart of the salesroom to let the invitee to hold treatments with the gross revenues people after sing the show unit. Additionally, th e edifice scaled harmonizing to human proportion, non doing the user to experience alien in a on the job environment. Curtain walls are besides used to buoy up the infinites, doing it more environmentally friendly for the staffs when working, as a brighter infinite improves their on the job efficiency. Pic 4 – Diagrams on user Based on the factor analysed, the personal values that Steven used to plan in this edifice is evident. Since immature, Steven has been really discipline about his life style. He is a hardworking individual and he gets along with other people, even though he is busy, whenever person needs any aid or inquiries, he willing teaches them. Bing him, he makes certain that the edifice is functional and it responds to the site. He takes serious consideration on the site context of the edifice. Based on the climatic factor, he has placed much importance in environmental response of the edifice. Though Garis Architects is a topographic point that designs undertakings with a in-between scope budget, Sympony Hills is a undertaking that is considered to be on the higher scope, most likely because of the client. The client this clip is UEM Land and they manage to acquire 98 estates of freehold land in Cyberjaya cardinal concern territories. So due to the location, the clients purpose was to plan the topographic point for the high terminal community with incorporate installation and services. Using a green roof requires the usage of proper technology on the edifice roof and it is non inexpensive. To cut down the temperature of the milieus, Steven proposed the usage of H2O fountains and pools to environ the topographic point, non merely does it take down the temperature, it besides fits the clients demand to do Symphony Hills into a high-end luxury residential country. Pic 4 – Birdseye position of Symphony Hills Furthermore, while Steven has a avocation of traveling and sing celebrated architectural edifice, he tries to larn from the experience gained from the edifices and use it into his ain design. Previously, during his visit to Chandigarh in India, he took the chance to see Le Corbusier’s edifice every bit good. Throughout architecture classs, we have learnt that Le Corbusier is a maestro of designers and he is a modernist. However, modernism is a paradigm of architecture for the machines, it was a clip where the designers pushed their ain political orientation of making a perfect edifice that is suited for anyone. Modern architecture focuses on the honestness of stuffs, usage of modern stuffs and systems, generous usage of glass and natural visible radiation, accent on unfastened infinites, usage shadowing devices to accomplish optimum human comfort, and the accent on rectangular signifiers and consecutive lines. Steven learns from it, nevertheless he took it a measure farther in to late modern architecture, besides known as structural expressionism. Though there is non much of a difference between late modern architecture and modern architecture itself, there is one, nevertheless obvious differentiation between the two. That is late modern manner edifices are non as simple and straightforward as modern manner edifices, albeit rectangular signifier, it is considered as a extremely articulated structural signifier. Common characteristics include open structural frames, truss work, and it tends to be metallic. Pic 5 – demoing the metal constructions of the green wall and the stairway Additionally, whenever Steven designs, he takes into consideration the poetics of infinite, and the experience of the user and the residents of the infinite during the design procedure. Before this, he mentioned that his front-runner designer is Peter Zumthor. In a book Thinking Architecture written by Peter Zumthor, he mentioned that every edifice is built for it’s targeted usage, in its ain topographic point for its really ain society. He designs his edifice to seek to reply those inquiries every bit critically as he can. Though Steven learnt to plan following Peter Zumthor’s train of ideas, he used his ain method of using it into his edifice design instead than the usage of phenomenology architecture. What the client wanted for this office infinite was for it to advance efficiency in the on the job environment while making a friendly infinite to better the sociableness of the staffs. By utilizing a mixture of both type of infinites, an unfastened program together with a private infinite, Steven aimed to hold a big infinite where the staffs would be able to pass on with each other without traveling from their infinites. Through this, there will be less miscommunication between the staffs because they are able the discuss everything in the unfastened. As for the private infinite, it is the balcony, where the staffs will be able to hold a more relax conversation during lunch clip or break clip. Not merely does it assist in let go ofing emphasis and tenseness between the staffs, it helps in conveying them closer and understanding each other in a better manner. Furthermore, because there is no mosque near the site, the surau is located merely opposite the office to let the Malays to be able to pray with privateness and without perturbation. It besides makes it easier for them as they don’t need to go out of the compound to look for the mosque and in the terminal have a shorter clip spent for tiffin. And he places importance in the lighting of the infinite. What Steven did to buoy up up the infinite was through the usage of drape walls and skiding doors. When human plants, they will necessitate a minimal sum of illuming to work expeditiously, if non they will hold to strive their oculus in order to see, and sing the long sum of clip they spend in the office, if there is non adequate lighting, their efficiency lower and their wellness will deteorirate every bit good. In decision, with his slogan of â€Å"do more, learn more† , Steven ever tries to larn the values, and replies from whatever he does and attempts to use it in his design. He aims to ne'er halt larning throughout his life-time, and by making so, he will ne'er halt seeking to look for ways to better himself and his designs. Through this design, one can see the sum of work and clip spent in the design and development of the undertaking. Even though he is considered as a immature designer with small experience because of his age, he worked difficult to come up with a design that he is confident plenty about his design and be able to convert the client with it. Mentions A2modern.org, ( 2014 ) .What is modern: features of modern architecture – a2 modern | modern architecture in the Midwest | ann arbor modern | michigan modern | modern architecture in ann arbor. [ on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //a2modern.org/2011/04/characteristics-of-modern-architecture/ [ Accessed 23 Jun. 2014 ] . De Gruchy, G. ( 1988 ) .Architecture in Brisbane =. 1st erectile dysfunction. Brisbane, Qld. : Boolarong Publications with Kookaburra Books. Epa.gov, ( 2014 ) .Green Roofs | Heat Island Effect | US EPA. [ on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.epa.gov/heatisland/mitigation/greenroofs.htm [ Accessed 23 Jun. 2014 ] . Historicdenver.org, ( 2014 ) .Historic Denver | Resources | Late Modernism. [ on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.historicdenver.org/resources/late-modernism/ [ Accessed 23 Jun. 2014 ] . Nyc-architecture.com, ( 2014 ) .New York Architecture Images-. [ on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //nyc-architecture.com/STYLES/STY-struc.htm [ Accessed 23 Jun. 2014 ] . Passikoff, A. ( 2011 ) .A fac?ade of edifices. 1st erectile dysfunction. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. Pritzkerprize.com, ( 2014 ) .Biography: Peter Zumthor | The Pritzker Architecture Prize. [ on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pritzkerprize.com/2009/bio [ Accessed 23 Jun. 2014 ] . Riorenewables.com, ( 2014 ) .Evaporative Cooling of Buildings: Improving Energy Efficiency. [ on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.riorenewables.com/efficient-design/evaporative-cooling [ Accessed 23 Jun. 2014 ] . Smith, K. ( 2012 ) .Introducing architectural theory. 1st erectile dysfunction. New York: Routledge. Topdevelopers2012.iproperty.com.my, ( 2014 ) .Symphony Hills | Top Developer. [ on-line ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //topdevelopers2012.iproperty.com.my/project/symphony-hills [ Accessed 23 Jun. 2014 ] .